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Cancer immunoprevention
Cancer immunoprevention is the prevention of cancer onset with immunological means such as vaccines, immunostimulators or antibodies.〔P.-L. Lollini ''et al.'', Vaccines for tumour prevention, Nat. Rev. Cancer 6: 204-216, 2006. () 〕〔P.-L. Lollini ''et al.'', Cancer immunoprevention, Future Oncol. 1: 57-66, 2005. () 〕 Cancer immunoprevention is conceptually different from cancer immunotherapy, which aims at stimulating immunity in patients only after tumor onset, however the same immunological means can be used both in immunoprevention and in immunotherapy.
==Immunoprevention of tumors caused by viruses==
Immunoprevention of tumors caused by viruses or other infectious agents aims at preventing or curing infection before the onset of cancer. Effective vaccines are available for use in humans.
Some tumor types in humans and in animals are the consequence of viral infections. In humans the most frequent viral tumors are liver cancer (also called hepatocellular carcinoma), arising in a small proportion of patients with chronic infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), and carcinoma of the uterine cervix (also called cervical cancer), caused by human papilloma virus (HPV). Altogether these two tumors make 10% of all human cancers, affecting almost one million new patients each year worldwide.〔B.W. Stewart & A.S. Coates, Cancer prevention: A global perspective. J. Clin. Oncol. 23: 392-403, 2005. 〕
The HBV vaccine, now in worldwide use, was shown to reduce the incidence of liver carcinoma.〔M.-H. Chang ''et al.'', Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. (N. Engl. J. Med 336: 1855-1859, 1997. )〕 Cancer immunoprevention by the HBV vaccine can be thought of as a beneficial side effect of vaccine developed and used to prevent hepatitis B. This is not the case with HPV vaccines, which were primarily developed for cancer prevention. Clinical trials showed that HPV vaccines can prevent HPV infection and carcinogenesis almost completely; these results led to vaccine approval by regulatory agencies in USA and Europe.〔C.M. Wheeler, Advances in primary and secondary interventions for cervical cancer: human papillomavirus prophylactic vaccines and testing., Nature Clinical Practice Oncology 4, 224-235, 2007. 〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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